AC Service Near Me: Specialist A/c Service Guarantees Your Home Stays Cool And Comfortable Throughout Hot Days

Types of Air Conditioner Repair Services

Ever had your ac system sputter to a stop simply as the summer season sun peaks? It's a discouraging scenario-- one that makes you recognize how numerous parts should operate in harmony for cool air to flow. From frozen coils to refrigerant leakages, the difficulties vary, however the services don't have to be a secret.

Typical A/c Repair Work Categories

• Refrigerant Recharge and Leakage Repair: Without the best amount of refrigerant, your system struggles to cool your space. Determining leaks is vital to restoring effectiveness.
• Compressor and Fan Motor Repairs: These parts are the heart and lungs of your AC. When they fail, airflow and cooling capacity drop.
• Thermostat Calibration and Replacement: Often the perpetrator is your thermostat sending out mixed signals-- adjusting or switching it out brings convenience back on track.
• Electrical Part Repair: Faulty circuitry or capacitors interfere with performance, often triggering unexpected shutdowns or erratic behavior.
• Drain Pipes Line Cleansing and Repair Work: Obstructed condensate lines can trigger water damage and system shutdowns if neglected.

How Bold City Heating and Air Manages These Obstacles

Think of strolling into your home after a blistering day, greeted by a sanctuary of cool air. Bold City Heating and Air changes that dream into truth by mastering every aspect of air conditioning repair. They do not just patch leaks or swap parts-- they identify the root causes with surgical accuracy.

Frozen coils? They thaw the problem and prevent future freeze-ups. Electrical problems? They trace every wire to make sure stability and safety. Thermostat difficulties? They tweak settings for perfect environment control. No problem is too twisted, no breakdown too odd.

What sets Bold City apart is their dedication to thoroughness. Each repair work unfolds like a carefully choreographed dance, guaranteeing your system runs smoothly, efficiently, and quietly. It's not almost repairing what's broken; it's about restoring comfort and cool comfort, all while extending the life of your system.

Deciphering the Mysteries of Air Conditioning Malfunctions

Imagine stepping into your home after a scorching day, just to be greeted by a wave of warm, stagnant air. That sinking sensation? It normally indicates your air conditioning system is struggling. Among the myriad of missteps, refrigerant leakages frequently play the bad guy. Not only do they sap the cooling power, however they calmly deteriorate effectiveness, leaving your energy bills to balloon. Have you ever questioned why your AC cycles on and off so frequently? This phenomenon, known as brief cycling, could be the system's desperate cry for help due to filthy filters or defective thermostat calibration.

Specialist Insights: Decoding the Indications

Bold City Heating and Air acknowledges how annoying it can be when your unit declines to blow cold air or, worse, floods your home with unexpected wetness. Their technicians approach each concern with an investigator's accuracy. For circumstances, obstructed condensate drains typically masquerade as small annoyances but can lead to water damage if overlooked.

Idea Just Pros Share

• Routinely inspect and clean your evaporator coil; dust accumulation can minimize cooling performance by up to 30%.
• Guarantee your thermostat is put away from direct sunlight or heat-emitting home appliances to prevent incorrect readings.
• Listen for unusual sounds like rattling or hissing-- these frequently precede compressor or refrigerant issues.
• Look for ice formation on coils; it signifies air flow restriction and demands immediate attention.

Common Problems and Their Treatments

Necessary Instruments for Diagnosing AC Difficulties

Ever attempted repairing an air conditioner with simply a screwdriver and a prayer? The reality is much more technical. The heart of effective AC repair work depend on the precision of the tools wielded. A manifold gauge set, for instance, isn't simply a fancy device; it's the mechanic's stethoscope, revealing the hidden pressures within the system's veins. Without it, thinking the refrigerant levels resembles reading tea leaves.

Bold City Heating and Air grasps how important these subtle readings are. They approach each system with a toolkit that's not simply thorough but diligently adjusted, ensuring every twist, turn, and valve change hits the mark. Their understanding of the subtleties in pressure variations and temperature level gradients transforms a job from uncertainty to science.

Tools That Transform Repair into Art

• Digital Multimeter: Measures voltage, present, and resistance. Identifies electrical faults that can silently undermine your air conditioning unit.
• Thermometer: Necessary for determining temperature level differentials throughout coils, showing air flow or refrigerant problems.
• Leak Detectors: Using UV color or electronic sensing units, these reveal the invisible leaks that drain effectiveness.
• Vacuum Pumps: Evacuate wetness and air, important in preparing the system for a perfect recharge.

In my experience, even the smallest neglected detail-- like a somewhat broken gasket-- can waterfall into a system-wide inefficiency - Bold City Heating and Air. Bold City's technicians do not just fix; they anticipate the subtle whispers of wear and tear before they shout out as breakdowns

Insider Tips from the Field

1. Constantly double-check manifold gauge readings at different times of the day; ambient temperature shifts can impact precision.
2. Use a microamp clamp meter to spot faint electrical draws that suggest failing capacitors or motors.
3. When leaving a system, expect the "searching" effect in the vacuum gauge, a professional clue suggesting trapped moisture.

Tools are only as good as the hands that wield them. Bold City Heating and Air's mastery of their instruments elevates air conditioning repair work from a simple service to a finely tuned craft.

Essential Safety Measures for Air Conditioner Repair

Electrical hazards prowl in every corner of a/c unit repair, especially when handling capacitors holding recurring charge. Have you ever questioned why an unexpected jolt can surprise even seasoned specialists? It's since a charged capacitor can store dangerous energy long after the unit is powered down. That's why Bold City Heating and Air firmly insists on strenuous discharge procedures before touching any elements.

Working around refrigerants requires not only precision however also vigilance. Leaks can calmly toxin the air or trigger frostbite on contact. When taking on these unnoticeable hazards, protective equipment isn't optional-- it's a lifeline. They comprehend that fumbling without correct gloves and goggles belongs to dancing with threat.

For those venturing into DIY repairs, follow these specialist pointers:

• Always cut power at the breaker panel before opening the unit.
• Utilize a multimeter to validate no voltage before continuing.
• Use insulated gloves and eye protection to secure versus electric shock and refrigerant direct exposure.
• Handle refrigerant lines with care-- prevent leaks or sharp bends that can cause leaks.
• Keep a fire extinguisher ranked for electrical fires close by.

Think of the scary of a sudden spark in a dirty, enclosed area-- fires fire up in the blink of an eye. Bold City Heating and Air's professionals employ careful cleaning routines to remove dust accumulation that may otherwise sustain unintentional combustion.

Safety List Before Starting Repairs

In the world of air conditioner repair, rushing through safety checks resembles avoiding actions on a high wire-- one mistake can cascade into disaster. Bold City Heating and Air's dedication to these precautions changes a dangerous endeavor into a managed, foreseeable operation. They remain vigilant, knowing that real proficiency in air conditioner repair work is as much about protecting lives as it is about restoring comfort.

Cooling Solutions in Jacksonville, FL

Jacksonville, FL is a vibrant city known for its comprehensive park system, lovely beaches, and growing arts scene. As the largest city by area in the continental United States, it offers homeowners and visitors a lot of outdoor activities, consisting of boating along the St - Bold City Heating and Air. Johns River and exploring the Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens. The city's warm environment makes efficient cooling essential for comfort and health throughout the year

For those in need of a/c services, Bold City Heating and Air provides professional assistance and totally free assessments to help ensure your home or business stays cool and comfy. Reach out to them for reliable guidance and solutions on air conditioning repair tailored to your needs.

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• Air Conditioning Installation: Correct installation of cooling systems guarantees efficient and agreeable indoor climates. This critical process assures best performance and longevity of climate control units.
• Air Conditioner: ACs cool inside spaces by extracting heat and humidity. Proper installation by qualified technicians ensures efficient operation and optimal climate control.
• Hvac: Hvac systems control temperature and air quality. They are essential for establishing environmental control answers in buildings.
• Thermostat: A Thermostat is the control center for regulating temperature in climate control systems. It signals the cooling unit to turn on and off, maintaining the desired indoor environment.
• Refrigerant: Refrigerant is essential for temperature control systems, extracting heat to generate cool air. Proper treatment of refrigerants is essential during HVAC installation for effective and secure operation.
• Compressor: This Compressor is the component of your cooling system, pressurizing refrigerant. The process is essential for effective temperature regulation in climate control systems.
• Evaporator Coil: An Evaporator Coil absorbs heat from indoor air, bringing it down. This component is critical for efficient climate control system setup in buildings.
• Condenser Coil: The Condenser Coil is an essential component in cooling systems, dissipating heat outside. It aids the heat transfer needed for effective indoor climate management.
• Ductwork: Ductwork is vital for distributing conditioned air all through a building. Correct duct planning and installation are essential for effective climate control system positioning.
• Ventilation: Effective Ventilation is essential for adequate air flow and indoor air standard. It plays a critical role in guaranteeing optimal performance and efficiency of climate control systems.
• Heat Pump: Heat pumps move heat, offering both heating and cooling. They are key parts in modern climate control system setups, providing energy-efficient temperature regulation.
• Split System: Split systems provide both heating and cooling via an indoor unit linked to an outdoor compressor. They offer a ductless solution for temperature regulation in certain rooms or areas.
• Central Air Conditioning: Central air conditioning systems cool whole homes from a sole, powerful unit. Correct setup of these systems is essential for efficient and functional home cooling.
• Energy Efficiency Ratio: Energy Efficiency Ratio measures cooling efficiency: a greater Energy Efficiency Ratio indicates better performance and lower energy consumption for climate control systems. Selecting a unit with a good Energy Efficiency Ratio can significantly reduce long-term costs when installing a new climate control system.
• Variable Speed Compressor: Variable Speed Compressor alter cooling production to meet demand, boosting efficiency and convenience in HVAC systems. This exact modulation reduces power waste and maintains uniform temperatures in building environments.
• Compressor Maintenance: Compressor Maintenance ensures efficient operation and longevity in refrigeration systems. Neglecting it can lead to costly repairs or system failures when establishing climate control.
• Air Filter: Air Filter capture dust and particles, ensuring pure air flow inside HVAC systems. This enhances system performance and indoor air quality during temperature regulation setup.
• Installation Manual: An Installation Manual offers crucial direction for properly setting up a cooling system. It assures proper steps are used for optimal performance and safety during the unit's setup.
• Electrical Wiring: Electrical Wiring is essential for supplying power to and regulating the parts of climate control systems. Proper wiring assures secure and effective functioning of the cooling and heating units.
• Indoor Unit: Indoor Unit distributes conditioned air within a room. This is a critical component for climate control systems, making sure of suitable temperature management in structures.
• Outdoor Unit: The Outdoor Unit contains the compressor and condenser, dissipating heat outside. It's crucial for a full climate control system setup, ensuring effective cooling inside.
• Maintenance: Routine care ensures effective operation and lengthens the lifespan of climate control systems. Proper Maintenance prevents failures and optimizes the performance of installed cooling systems.
• Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency is crucial for lowering energy consumption and expenses when installing new climate control systems. Prioritizing efficient equipment and correct installation minimizes environmental impact and maximizes long-term savings.
• Thermodynamics: Thermo explains how heat transfers and transforms energy, vital for cooling system setup. Efficient climate control design relies on thermodynamic principles to optimize energy use during setup location.
• Building Codes: Construction regulations guarantee proper and safe HVAC system arrangement in buildings. They control aspects such as energy performance and ventilation for climate control systems.
• Load Calculation: Load Calculation establishes the warming and cooling demands of a room. This is vital for picking correctly sized HVAC units for effective environmental control.
• Mini Split: Mini Splits offer a no-duct approach to climate control, offering focused heating and cooling. Their ease of placement renders them suitable for spaces where adding ductwork for temperature control is unfeasible.
• Air Handler: An Air Handler moves conditioned air around a building. It is a crucial component for correct climate control system setup.
• Insulation: Thermal protection is vital for keeping efficient temperature control within a structure. It minimizes heat exchange, reducing the workload on cooling systems and optimizing climate control setups.
• Drainage System: Drainage systems clear condensate created by air conditioning equipment. Correct drainage stops water damage and ensures effective operation of air conditioning setups.
• Filter: Strainers are vital components that remove contaminants from the air during the setup of climate control systems. This guarantees purer air flow and protects the system's inner parts.
• Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning: Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning systems control inside environment by controlling temperature, humidity, and air quality. Proper setup of these systems guarantees economical and effective refrigeration and climate control within buildings.
• Split System Air Conditioner: Split System Air Conditioner provide efficient refrigeration and heating by separating the compressor and condenser from the air handler. Their design simplifies the procedure of setting up climate control in residences and businesses.
• Hvac Technician: Hvac Technicians are qualified professionals who focus in the configuration of temperature regulation systems. They guarantee proper functionality and efficiency of these systems for maximum indoor well-being.
• Indoor Air Quality: The quality of indoor air significantly impacts comfort and health, so HVAC system installation should prioritize filtration and ventilation. Appropriate system design and setup is vital for improving air quality.
• Condensate Drain: The Condensate Drain removes water created during the cooling process, stopping harm and maintaining system effectiveness. Proper drain setup is vital for effective climate control device and extended performance.
• Variable Refrigerant Flow: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems accurately regulate refrigerant amount to different zones, offering customized cooling and heating. This technology is essential for establishing efficient and flexible climate control in building setups.
• Building Automation System: Building Automation System orchestrate and optimize the functioning of HVAC devices. This results in improved temperature regulation and power savings in buildings.
• Air Conditioning: Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems control indoor temperature and atmosphere. Proper installation of these systems is key for efficient and effective climate control.
• Temperature Control: Precise temperature regulation is essential for effective climate control system setup. It guarantees peak performance and comfort in newly installed cooling systems.
• Thermistor: Thermistors are thermistors used in climate control systems to accurately measure air temperature. This data helps to control system performance, ensuring peak performance and energy efficiency in ecological control setups.
• Thermocouple: Temperature sensors are temperature sensors crucial for guaranteeing proper HVAC system installation. They precisely measure temperature, allowing precise adjustments and excellent climate control performance.
• Digital Thermostat: Digital Thermostats precisely regulate temperature, optimizing HVAC system operation. They are important for setting up home climate control systems, guaranteeing effective and comfortable environments.
• Programmable Thermostat: Programmable Thermostats improve HVAC systems by enabling personalized temperature schedules. This leads to enhanced energy savings and comfort in home cooling setups.
• Smart Thermostat: Smart thermostat improve house temperature management by learning user preferences and changing the temperature on their own. They play a vital role in modern HVAC system setups, enhancing energy savings and comfort.
• Bimetallic Strip: A Bimetallic Strip, composed of two metals that have different expansion rates, curves in response to temperature variations. This characteristic is used in HVAC systems to operate thermostats and adjust heating or cooling processes.
• Capillary Tube Thermostat: A Capillary Tube Thermostat precisely regulates temperature in cooling systems via remote sensing. This component is essential for keeping desired climate control within buildings.
• Thermostatic Expansion Valve: This Thermostatic Expansion Valve controls refrigerant stream into the evaporator, keeping optimal cooling. This part is critical for effective operation of refrigeration and air conditioning systems in buildings.
• Setpoint: Setpoint is the desired temperature a climate control system strives to reach. It directs the system's operation during climate control setups to preserve desired comfort degrees.
• Temperature Sensor: Temperature sensing devices are essential for regulating warming, ventilation, and cooling systems by observing air temperature and guaranteeing efficient climate control. Their data aids enhance system performance during climate control installation and maintenance.
• Feedback Loop: The Feedback Loop aids with regulating temperature throughout climate control system installation by continuously monitoring and adjusting settings. This ensures optimal performance and energy efficiency of installed residential cooling.
• Control System: Control Systems govern temperature, moisture, and airflow in air conditioning setups. These systems ensure optimal well-being and energy efficiency in temperature-controlled environments.
• Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal Equilibrium is achieved when parts attain the same temperature, crucial for efficient climate control system setup. Proper equilibrium ensures peak performance and energy conservation in placed cooling systems.
• Thermal Conductivity: Thermal Conductivity dictates how efficiently materials transfer heat, affecting the cooling system configuration. Selecting materials with fitting thermal properties ensures optimal performance of installed climate control systems.
• Thermal Insulation: Thermal insulation minimizes heat transfer, ensuring efficient cooling by lessening the workload on climate control systems. This improves energy efficiency and keeps consistent temperatures in buildings.
• On Off Control: On Off Control keeps desired temperatures by fully turning on or deactivating cooling systems. This easy method is important for controlling temperature within buildings during environmental control system installation.
• Pid Controller: PID controllers accurately regulate temperature in HVAC units. This ensures efficient climate control during facility climate setup and functioning.
• Evaporator: The Evaporator takes in heat from within a location, cooling the air. This is a vital part in temperature control systems created for home comfort.
• Condenser: The Condenser unit is a critical component in cooling equipment, transferring heat extracted from the indoor space to the external environment. Its proper setup is essential for efficient climate control system placement and performance.
• Chlorofluorocarbon: Chlorofluorocarbons were once widely used refrigerants that facilitated refrigeration in many building systems. Their part has decreased due to environmental concerns about ozone depletion.
• Hydrofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbons are coolants frequently used in refrigeration systems for buildings and cars. Their suitable management is vital during the establishment of climate control systems to prevent environmental damage and ensure effective operation.
• Hydrochlorofluorocarbon: HCFCs were once widely used coolants in air conditioning systems for structures. Their elimination has caused the use of more environmentally friendly options for new HVAC installations.
• Global Warming Potential: Global Warming Potential (GWP) indicates how much a certain mass of greenhouse gas contributes to global warming over a set period relative to carbon dioxide. Selecting refrigerants with less GWP is crucial when setting up climate control systems to lessen environmental impact.
• Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion from refrigerants poses environmental dangers. Technicians servicing cooling units must adhere to regulations to prevent further damage.
• Phase Change: Phase Change of refrigerants are vital for effectively moving heat in climate control systems. Evaporation and condensation processes enable cooling by taking in heat indoors and expelling it outdoors.
• Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer principles are vital for effective climate control system establishment. Knowing conduction, convection, and radiation assures peak system operation and energy efficiency during the process of setting up home cooling.
• Refrigeration Cycle: The Refrigeration Cycle transfers heat, allowing cooling in HVAC systems. Correct setup and upkeep make sure of efficient operation and longevity of these cooling solutions.
• Environmental Protection Agency: EPA regulates refrigerants and sets standards for HVAC system servicing to protect the ozone layer and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Technicians handling cooling equipment must be certified to guarantee correct refrigerant management and prevent environmental damage.
• Leak Detection: Leak Detection guarantees the soundness of refrigerant lines after climate control system placement. Identifying and addressing leaks is crucial for peak performance and environmental safety of newly setup climate control systems.
• Pressure Gauge: Pressure gauges are critical tools for observing refrigerant levels during HVAC system installation. They guarantee best performance and prevent damage by verifying pressures are within specified ranges for proper cooling operation.
• Expansion Valve: This Expansion Valve controls refrigerant stream in refrigeration systems, allowing for efficient heat uptake. It is a key component for peak performance in climate control setups.
• Cooling Capacity: Cooling Capacity determines how well a system can lower the temperature of a space. Selecting the right level is important for peak performance in environmental control system placement.
• Refrigerant Recovery: Refrigerant Recovery is the procedure of removing and storing refrigerants during HVAC system setups. Correctly recovering refrigerants stops environmental damage and ensures effective new cooling equipment placements.
• Refrigerant Recycling: Refrigerant Recycling reclaims and recycles refrigerants, reducing environmental impact. This process is crucial when installing climate control systems, ensuring responsible handling and avoiding ozone depletion.
• Safety Data Sheet: Safety Data Sheets (SDS) offer critical information on the secure handling and potential hazards of chemicals utilized in cooling system installation. Technicians use SDS data to protect themselves and prevent accidents during HVAC equipment installation and connection.
• Synthetic Refrigerant: Synthetic Refrigerants are vital fluids used in refrigeration systems to move heat. Their correct management is key for efficient climate control installation and maintenance.
• Heat Exchange: Heat Exchange is vital for chilling buildings, allowing efficient temperature regulation. It's a key process in climate control system installation, assisting the transfer of heat to offer comfortable indoor spaces.
• Cooling Cycle: The Cooling Cycle is the fundamental process of heat extraction, using refrigerant to absorb and give off heat. This process is vital for efficient climate control system installation in buildings.
• Scroll Compressor: Scroll Compressors effectively pressurize refrigerant to power cooling systems. They are a vital component for effective temperature regulation in buildings.
• Reciprocating Compressor: Reciprocating pumps are essential components that squeeze refrigerant in cooling systems. They aid heat exchange, enabling effective climate control within structures.
• Centrifugal Compressor: Centrifugal Compressors are critical parts that boost refrigerant stress in big climate management systems. They effectively circulate refrigerant, enabling efficient cooling and heating across wide areas.
• Rotary Compressor: Rotary Compressor represent a vital component in cooling systems, utilizing a rotating mechanism to compress refrigerant. Their effectiveness and reduced size make them perfect for climate control setups in diverse applications.
• Compressor Motor: The Compressor Motor serves as the main force for the refrigeration process, circulating refrigerant. It is vital for proper climate control system setup and operation in buildings.
• Compressor Oil: Compressor Oil oils and seals moving parts inside a systems' compressor, guaranteeing effective refrigerant compression for suitable climate control. It is important to select the right type of oil throughout system setup to guarantee longevity and optimal performance of the refrigeration unit.
• Pressure Switch: A Pressure Switch tracks refrigerant levels, guaranteeing the system operates safely. It stops harm by turning off the cooling apparatus if pressure drops outside the ok range.
• Compressor Relay: The Compressor Relay is an electrical switch that controls the compressor motor in cooling systems. It guarantees the compressor starts and stops properly, allowing effective temperature regulation within climate control systems.
• Suction Line: The Suction Line, a critical component in cooling systems, transports refrigerant vapor from the evaporator to the compressor. Appropriate sizing and insulation of this line is critical for efficient system performance during climate control installation.
• Discharge Line: The discharge line carries hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor to the condenser. Proper dimensioning and installation of the discharge line are essential for the best cooling system configuration.
• Compressor Capacity: Compressor Capacity dictates the cooling power of a system for indoor climate control. Choosing the right size ensures effective temperature control during climate control setup.
• Cooling Load: Cooling Load is the volume of heat that must to be taken away from a space to keep a desired temperature. Accurate cooling load calculation is crucial for proper HVAC system installation and sizing.
• Air Conditioning Repair: Air Conditioning Repair ensures systems operate perfectly after they are setup. It's vital for maintaining effective climate control systems installed.
• Refrigerant Leak: Refrigerant Leaks decrease cooling efficiency and can result in equipment malfunction. Fixing these leakages is vital for proper climate control system configuration, assuring optimal performance and lifespan.
• Seer Rating: SEER rating represents an HVAC system's refrigeration efficiency, affecting long-term energy expenses. Higher SEER values imply increased energy conservation when setting up climate control.
• Hspf Rating: HSPF Rating demonstrates the heating effectiveness of heat pumps. Higher ratings suggest better energy efficiency during climate control setup.
• Preventative Maintenance: Preventative Maintenance ensures HVAC systems operate efficiently and dependably after setup. Consistent servicing reduces failures and extends the lifespan of HVAC systems.
• Airflow: Airflow guarantees effective cooling and heating spread across a building. Proper Airflow is vital for prime operation and comfort in climate control systems.
• Electrical Components: Electrical Components are critical for powering and controlling systems that regulate indoor temperature. They ensure suitable functioning, safety, and effectiveness in heating and cooling arrangements.
• Refrigerant Charging: Refrigerant Charging is the procedure of introducing the correct quantity of refrigerant to a cooling system. This assures optimal operation and effectiveness when setting up climate control units.
• System Diagnosis: System Diagnosis detects potential problems before, during, and after HVAC system setup. It ensures best performance and hinders future problems in climate control installations.
• Hvac System: Hvac System control heat, humidity, and air quality in buildings. They are vital for creating climate control solutions in residential and commercial spaces.
• Ductless Air Conditioning: Ductless Air Conditioning provide targeted temperature control without large ductwork. They simplify climate control setup in spaces that lack existing duct systems.
• Window Air Conditioner: Window air conditioners are standalone devices placed in panes to chill single rooms. They provide a simple method for specific temperature regulation within a structure.
• Portable Air Conditioner: Portable Air Conditioner units provide a flexible cooling solution for spaces lacking central systems. They can also offer short-term temperature regulation during HVAC system configurations.
• System Inspection: System Inspection ensures correct installation of cooling systems by verifying part condition and compliance to installation standards. This procedure ensures effective operation and avoids future malfunctions in climate control systems.
• Coil Cleaning: Cleaning coils ensures effective heat transfer, vital for optimal system performance. This maintenance procedure is vital for proper setup of climate control systems.
• Refrigerant Recharge: Refrigerant Recharge is vital for restoring chilling ability in climate control systems. It assures maximum function and longevity of recently installed environmental regulation units.
• Capacitor: Capacitors provide the necessary energy boost to start and run motors inside of climate control systems. Their correct function guarantees effective and reliable operation of the cooling unit.
• Contactor: A Contactor is an electrical switch which controls power for the outdoor unit's components. It allows the cooling system to activate when necessary.
• Blower Motor: The Blower Motor moves air through the ductwork, allowing for effective heating and cooling distribution within a building. It's a key component for indoor climate control systems, ensuring consistent temperature and airflow.
• Overheating: Overheating can severely hamper the functionality of recently installed climate control systems. Technicians must fix this issue to ensure efficient and reliable cooling operation.
• Troubleshooting: Fixing identifies and fixes issues that occur during climate control system setup. Effective fixing guarantees best system performance and stops later problems during building cooling appliance installation.
• Refrigerant Reclaiming: Refrigerant Reclaiming retrieves and reprocesses used refrigerants. This process is crucial for eco-friendly climate control system installation.
• Global Warming: Global Warming increases the demand or for cooling systems, requiring demanding more frequent setups installations. This heightened increased need drives fuels innovation in energy-efficient power-saving climate control solutions options.
• Montreal Protocol: This Montreal Protocol eliminates ozone-depleting materials utilized in cooling systems. This shift requires using alternative refrigerants in new climate control setups.
• Greenhouse Gas: Greenhouse Gas trap warmth, affecting the energy efficiency and environmental footprint of climate control system setups. Choosing refrigerants with reduced global warming potential is essential for sustainable climate control execution.
• Cfc: Chlorofluorocarbons were formerly vital refrigerants in refrigeration systems for buildings and vehicles. Their use has been discontinued due to their damaging impact on the ozone layer.
• Hcfc: Hcfc were previously typical refrigerants utilized in cooling systems for buildings and vehicles. They facilitated the process of establishing climate control systems, but are now being discontinued due to their ozone-depleting properties.
• Hfc: HFCs are commonly used refrigerants in cooling systems for buildings. Their appropriate handling is critical during the setup of these systems to reduce environmental impact.
• Refrigerant Oil: Refrigerant oil lubricates the compressor in cooling systems, assuring seamless performance and a long lifespan. It's crucial for the proper function of cooling setups.
• Phase-Out: Phase-Out refers to the progressive reduction of certain refrigerants with high global warming capacity. This affects the choice and maintenance of climate control systems in buildings.
• Gwp: GWP indicates a refrigerant's ability to warm the planet if released. Lower GWP refrigerants are progressively preferred in climate-friendly HVAC system setups.
• Odp: ODP refrigerants harm the ozone layer, influencing regulations for cooling system setup. Installers must use environmentally friendly alternatives during climate control equipment placement.
• Ashrae: Ashrae establishes standards and recommendations for HVAC systems setup. The standards assure optimized and safe climate control system application in buildings.
• Hvac Systems: Hvac Systems provide temperature and air condition regulation for indoor environments. They are critical for setting up cooling systems in buildings.
• Refrigerant Leaks: Refrigerant Leaks lower cooling system efficiency and may harm the environment. Appropriate procedures during climate control unit installation are vital to avoid these leaks and ensure best performance.
• Hvac Repair Costs: Hvac Repair Costs can significantly affect choices about upgrading to a new climate control system. Unexpected repair bills may prompt homeowners to invest in a full home cooling system for long-term savings.
• Hvac Installation: Hvac Installation includes setting up heating, air flow, and air conditioning systems. This is essential for allowing efficient climate control inside buildings.
• Hvac Maintenance: Hvac Maintenance guarantees effective operation and extends system lifespan. Appropriate maintenance is vital for seamless climate control system installations.
• Hvac Troubleshooting: Hvac Troubleshooting identifies and resolves issues in heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It ensures peak performance during climate control unit installation and running.
• Zoning Systems: Zoning schemes separate a building into separate areas for customized temperature control. This strategy enhances well-being and energy efficiency during HVAC setup.
• Compressor Types: Different Compressor Types are vital parts for effective climate control systems. Their choice significantly impacts system effectiveness and performance in environmental comfort applications.
• Compressor Efficiency: Compressor Efficiency is vital, determining how efficiently the system cools a room for a given energy input. Optimizing this efficiency directly impacts cooling system installation costs and long-term operational expenses.
• Compressor Overheating: Overheating Compressor can seriously damage the unit's core, resulting in system malfunction. Proper setup guarantees sufficient air flow and refrigerant levels, preventing this problem in climate control system installations.
• Compressor Failure: Compressor malfunction halts the refrigeration process, needing expert service during climate control system installations. A defective compressor compromises the entire system's efficiency and longevity when integrating it into a building.
• Overload Protector: An Overload Protector safeguards the compressor motor from getting too hot during climate control system installation. It prevents harm by automatically shutting off power when excessive current or temperature is detected.
• Fan Motor: Fan Motor circulate air through evaporator and condenser coils, a critical process for efficient climate control system setup. They aid heat exchange, guaranteeing optimal cooling and heating operation within the specified space.
• Refrigerant Lines: Refrigerant Lines are essential components that connect the inside and outdoor units, moving refrigerant to facilitate cooling. Their correct installation is vital for efficient and effective climate control system installation.
• Condensing Unit: The Condensing Unit is the outside component in a cooling system. The unit rejects heat from the refrigerant, allowing indoor temperature regulation.
• Heat Rejection: Heat Rejection is critical for refrigeration systems to efficiently eliminate excess heat from a conditioned space. Appropriate Heat Rejection assures efficient performance and longevity of climate control setups.
• System Efficiency: System Efficiency is vital for reducing energy consumption and operational expenses. Improving performance during climate control configuration guarantees long-term savings and environmental benefits.
• Pressure Drop: Pressure Drop is the reduction in fluid pressure as it flows through a system, impacting airflow in climate control setups. Properly controlling Pressure Drop is essential for optimal performance and efficiency in climate control systems.
• Subcooling: Subcooling process assures optimal equipment performance by cooling the refrigerant below its condensing temperature. This process prevents flash gas, boosting refrigeration capacity and efficiency throughout HVAC equipment installation.
• Superheat: Superheat makes sure that only vapor refrigerant enters the compressor, which prevents damage. It's important to measure superheat during HVAC system setup to maximize cooling capabilities and efficiency.
• Refrigerant Charge: Refrigerant Charge is the amount of refrigerant in a system, vital for optimal cooling operation. Proper filling ensures effective heat exchange and avoids damage during climate control installation.
• Corrosion: Corrosion degrades metallic components, likely leading to leakage and system malfunctions. Protecting against Corrosion is essential for maintaining the efficiency and lifespan of climate control setups.
• Fins: Fins boost the surface area of coils, enhancing heat transfer effectiveness. This is crucial for peak performance in environmental control system setups.
• Copper Tubing: Copper piping is essential for refrigerant transfer in air conditioning systems due to its robustness and efficient heat transfer. Its dependable connections assure correct system performance during installation of climate units.
• Aluminum Tubing: Aluminum Tubing is essential for conveying refrigerant in HVAC systems. Its light and corrosion-resistant properties make it ideal for linking indoor and outdoor units in HVAC setups.
• Repair Costs: Unforeseen repairs can significantly affect the overall expense of setting up a new climate control system. Budgeting for potential Repair Costs ensures a more accurate and comprehensive cost assessment when implementing such a system.

Bold City Heating & Air

4.9(1,687)

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8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States

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boldcityac.com

+1 904-379-1648

6C9C+2H Baymeadows Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA

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That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

Updates from customers

Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

a year ago

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Why would an AC heater not be turning on?

An AC heater may not turn on due to power issues like tripped circuit breakers, blown fuses, or loose wiring, thermostat problems such as dead batteries, incorrect settings, or a faulty unit, or safety features engaging due to clogged filte …

6 months ago

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4.9

1,687 reviews

"Best price and service I have ever had with an HVAC partner"

"Excellent workmanship, knowledgeable, friendly staff from owner to employees."

"They’ve been charging the service contract now the unit does not work."

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Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

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DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

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Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

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Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

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Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

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Bold City Heating & Air

HVAC & Air Conditioning Repair in Jacksonville, FL

Bold City offers premium HVAC service and competitive pricing to the Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beaches and Ponte Vedra areas.

24/7 Fast and Reliable. Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

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Summer HVAC Tune Up for Just $89

Get your system ready for the heat!

We’ll inspect, clean, and fine tune your HVAC to boost efficiency, prevent breakdowns, and keep you cool all season long.

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Jacksonville’s Best HVAC Company

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At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
“Experience the Bold Difference” that is Bold City Heating & Air by calling us today!

We Believe In:

Clear Upfront Pricing

No Hidden Costs

High-Level Workmanship

Trusted Heating and Air Pros in Jacksonville

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When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

Satisfaction Guaranteed

Prioritizing satisfaction, Bold City Heating & Air exemplifies customer service.

Our Team Will:

• Keep Your Informed
• Target Your Goals

• Provide Honest Answers

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Heating

Duct Cleaning

Maintenance

New System Installation

Number One For Heating & Cooling

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Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

See What Our Customers Are Saying About Us!

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Previous

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

An HVAC Team You Can Trust

---

When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

Contact Your Bold City Specialist Today

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Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.

"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),^[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.^[2][3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).^[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.^[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.^[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.^[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.^[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.^[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.^[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.^[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.^[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.^[13][12]

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.^[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.^[15][16][17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.^[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."^[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."^[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.^[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.^[20][21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,^[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.^[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.^[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.^[24]

First devices

[edit]

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.^{[25][26][27][28]} In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.^[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.^[30][31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.^[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.^[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited^[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)^[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.^[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,^[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.^[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.^[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.^[38][39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.^[40][41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.^[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.^[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.^[8][43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.^[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.^[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.^[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).^[46][47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]

Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.^[48][49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.^[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.^[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled^[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.^{[citation needed]}

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.^[53]

Heating

[edit]

Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.^[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).^[55][54][56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

Main articles: coefficient of performance, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.^[57][58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.^[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU_IT per hour, or 3,517 watts.^[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.^{[citation needed]}

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.^[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.^[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]

Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster

A wireless remote controller

The infrared transmitting LED on the remote

The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]

Main article: Thermostat

Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]

Types	Typical Capacity*	Air supply	Mounting	Typical application
Mini-split	small – large	Direct	Wall	Residential
Window	very small – small	Direct	Window	Residential
Portable	very small – small	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual)	small – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ducted (central)	medium – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended	medium – large	Direct	Ceiling	Commercial
Cassette	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Ceiling	Commercial
Floor standing	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged	very large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit)	very large	Ducted	Rooftop	Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

• very small: <1.5 kW
• small: 1.5–3.5 kW
• medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
• large: 7.2–14 kW
• very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.^[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.^[64][65][66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.^[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.^[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.^[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.^{[citation needed]} The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.^[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]

See also: Chiller

Large central cooling plants may use intermediate coolant such as chilled water pumped into air handlers or fan coil units near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and heat capacity of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by chillers in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of cooling towers. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled.^[71][72]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.^[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]

Main article: Packaged terminal air conditioner

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.^[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)^[75][76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),^[77][78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.^{[70][79][80][81][82][83]}

Types of compressors

[edit]

Compressor types	Common applications	Typical capacity	Efficiency	Durability	Repairability
Reciprocating	Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners	small – large	very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity)	very low	medium
Rotary vane	Residential mini splits	small	low	low	easy
Scroll	Commercial and central systems, VRF	medium	medium	medium	easy
Rotary screw	Commercial chiller	medium – large	medium	medium	hard
Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	medium	high	hard
Maglev Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	high	very high	very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating compressor

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. ^{[citation needed]}

Scroll

[edit]

Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.^[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. ^{[citation needed]}

Screw

[edit]

Main article: Rotary-screw compressor

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. ^{[citation needed]}

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. ^{[citation needed]}

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.^[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.^{[citation needed]}

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]

Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.^{[citation needed]}

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.^[8][86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.^[87][88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.^[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.^[90][91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.^[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.^[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.^[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.^[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.^[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).^[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.^[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.^[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,^[8][98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.^[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.^[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.^[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.^[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,^[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.^[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.^[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).^[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.^{[citation needed]}

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,^[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.^[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.^[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,^[105] Hong Kong,^[106] China,^[106] Japan,^[107] and Italy.^[108][109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.^[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.^[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.^[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.^[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.^[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.^[8][111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.^[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.^[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.^[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.^[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.^[115][116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).^[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.^[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.^[119][120]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).^[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.^[121][123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.^[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.^[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.^[125][126]

Fans

[edit]

Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.^{[127]: 99, 151, 233} In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.^{[127]: 134, 151}

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.^[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.^[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.^[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,^[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.^[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]

Main article: Evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.^[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.^[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.^[131]

See also

[edit]

• Air filter
• Air purifier
• Cleanroom
• Crankcase heater
• Energy recovery ventilation
• Indoor air quality
• Particulates

References

[edit]

1. ^ "Air Con". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
2. ^ Dissertation Abstracts International: The humanities and social sciences. A. University Microfilms. 2005. p. 3600.
3. ^ 1993 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. ASHRAE. 1993. ISBN 978-0-910110-97-6.
4. ^ Enteria, Napoleon; Sawachi, Takao; Saito, Kiyoshi (January 31, 2023). Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems: Advances and Applications of VRF. Springer Nature. p. 46. ISBN 978-981-19-6833-4.
5. ^ Agencies, United States Congress House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Dept of the Interior and Related (1988). Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1989: Testimony of public witnesses, energy programs, Institute of Museum Services, National Endowment for the Arts, National Endowment for the Humanities. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 629.
6. ^ "Earth Tubes: Providing the freshest possible air to your building". Earth Rangers Centre for Sustainable Technology Showcase. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
7. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Barreca, Alan; Clay, Karen; Deschenes, Olivier; Greenstone, Michael; Shapiro, Joseph S. (February 2016). "Adapting to Climate Change: The Remarkable Decline in the US Temperature-Mortality Relationship over the Twentieth Century". Journal of Political Economy. 124 (1): 105–159. doi:10.1086/684582.
8. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h i j} International Energy Agency (May 15, 2018). The Future of Cooling - Opportunities for energy-efficient air conditioning (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
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